Campbell Biology Ninth Edition Descent With Modification Chapter

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22 descent with modification a darwinian view

1. 1. LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life Chapter 22
2. 2. Overview: Endless Forms Most Beautiful • A new era of biology began in 1859 when Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species • The Origin of Species focused biologists' attention on the great diversity of organisms © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3. 3. • Darwin noted that current species are descendants of ancestral species • Evolution can be defined by Darwin's phrase descent with modification • Evolution can be viewed as both a pattern and a process © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4. 4. • Darwin's ideas had deep historical roots The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5. 5. 1809 1798 1812 1795 1830 1790 1809 1831−36 1844 1859 1870 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. Malthus publishes "Essay on the Principle of Population." Hutton proposes his principle of gradualism. Charles Darwin is born. Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. The Galápagos Islands Darwin writes his essay on descent with modification. On the Origin of Species is published. While studying species in the Malay Archipelago, Wallace sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection. 1858Cuvier publishes his extensive studies of vertebrate fossils. Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. Figure 22.2
6. 6. Scala Naturae and Classification of Species • The Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed species as fixed and arranged them on a scala naturae • The Old Testament holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
7. 7. • Carolus Linnaeus interpreted organismal adaptations as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a specific purpose • Linnaeus was the founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms • He developed the binomial format for naming species (for example, Homo sapiens) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
8. 8. Ideas About Change over Time • The study of fossils helped to lay the groundwork for Darwin's ideas • Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
9. 9. Figure 22.3 Sedimentary rock layers (strata) Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils
10. 10. • Paleontology, the study of fossils, was largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier • Cuvier advocated catastrophism, speculating from the fossil record that extinctions must have been a common occurrence in the past and were caused by catastrophes • Periodic catastrophes occurred in local areas, which were later repopulated by different species immigrating from other areas © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
11. 11. • Geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell perceived that changes in Earth's surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today, a theory called gradualism • Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism states that the mechanisms of change are constant over time • These views strongly influenced Darwin's thinking © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
12. 12. Lamarck's Hypothesis of Evolution • Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics • The mechanisms he proposed are unsupported by evidence • However, he did propose the first theory of evolution in 1809, the year Darwin was born © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
13. 13. Figure 22.4
14. 14. • Some doubt about the permanence of species preceded Darwin's ideas Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
15. 15. Darwin's Research • As a boy and into adulthood, Charles Darwin had a consuming interest in nature • Darwin first studied medicine (unsuccessfully), and then theology at Cambridge University • After graduating, he took an unpaid position as naturalist and companion to Captain Robert FitzRoy for a 5-year around the world voyage on the Beagle © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
16. 16. The Voyage of the Beagle • During his travels on the Beagle, Darwin collected specimens of South American plants and animals • He observed that fossils resembled living species from the same region, and living species resembled other species from nearby regions • He experienced an earthquake in Chile and observed the uplift of rocks © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
17. 17. • Darwin was influenced by Lyell's Principles of Geology and thought that the earth was more than 6000 years old • His interest in geographic distribution of species was kindled by a stop at the Galápagos Islands west of South America • He hypothesized that species from South America had colonized the Galápagos and speciated on the islands © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
18. 18. Figure 22.5 Darwin in 1840, after his return from the voyage The Galápagos Islands NORTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta Marchena Genovesa Equator Chile Santiago Daphne Islands Fernandina Isabela Santa Cruz Santa Fe San Cristobal Española Kilometers 0 20 40 Florenza Pinzón SOUTH AMERICA AFRICA EUROPE Great Britain HMS Beagle in port Equator PACIFIC OCEAN Malay Archipelago AUSTRALIA Tasmania New Zealand Brazil Argentina Cape Horn AndesMtns. Cape of Good Hope
19. 19. Darwin's Focus on Adaptation • In reassessing his observations, Darwin perceived adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes • From studies made years after Darwin's voyage, biologists have concluded that this is what happened to the Galápagos finches © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
20. 20. Figure 22.6 Cactus eater. The long, sharp beak of the cactus ground finch (Geospiza scandens) helps it tear and eat cactus flowers and pulp. Insect eater. The green warbler finch (Certhidea olivacea) uses its narrow, pointed beak to grasp insects. Seed eater. The large ground finch (Geospiza magnirostris) has a large beak adapted for cracking seeds that fall from plants to the ground.
21. 21. • In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on natural selection as the mechanism of descent with modification, but did not introduce his theory publicly • Natural selection is a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce • In June 1858, Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russell Wallace, who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin's • Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species and published it the next year © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
22. 22. The Origin of Species • Darwin explained three broad observations: – The unity of life – The diversity of life – The match between organisms and their environment © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
23. 23. Descent with Modification • Darwin never used the word evolution in the first edition of The Origin of Species • The phrase descent with modification summarized Darwin's perception of the unity of life • The phrase refers to the view that all organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
24. 24. • In the Darwinian view, the history of life is like a tree with branches representing life's diversity • Darwin's theory meshed well with the hierarchy of Linnaeus © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
25. 25. Figure 22.7
26. 26. Figure 22.8 Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) † Deinotherium † Mammut † Platybelodon † Stegodon † Mammuthus Elephas maximus (Asia) Loxodonta africana (Africa) Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) † Moeritherium † Barytherium 60 Millions of years ago 34 24 5.5 2104 0 Years ago
27. 27. Natural Selection and Adaptation • Evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr has dissected the logic of Darwin's theory into three inferences based on five observations
28. 28. • Observation #1: For any species, population sizes would increase exponentially if all individuals that are born reproduced successfully • Observation #2: Populations tend to be stable in size, except for seasonal fluctuations • Observation #3: Resources are limited • Inference #1: Production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among individuals of a population, with only a fraction of their offspring surviving
29. 29. • Observation #4: Members of a population vary extensively in their characteristics; no two individuals are exactly alike
30. 30. • Observation #5: Much of this variation is heritable • Inference #2: Survival depends in part on inherited traits; individuals whose inherited traits give them a high probability of surviving and reproducing are likely to leave more offspring than other individuals • Inference #3: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to a gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations
31. 31. Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation • Darwin noted that humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, a process called artificial selection © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
32. 32. Figure 22.9 Brussels sprouts Kale Selection for leaves Selection for axillary (side) buds Selection for apical (tip) bud Cabbage Broccoli KohlrabiWild mustard Selection for stems Selection for flowers and stems
33. 33. • Darwin was influenced by Thomas Malthus, who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in a population over time, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with these traits • This process explains the match between organisms and their environment © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
34. 34. Natural Selection: A Summary • Individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals • Natural selection increases the adaptation of organisms to their environment over time • If an environment changes over time, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions and may give rise to new species © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
35. 35. Figure 22.12 (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia (b) A leaf mantid in Borneo
36. 36. • Note that individuals do not evolve; populations evolve over time • Natural selection can only increase or decrease heritable traits that vary in a population • Adaptations vary with different environments • Natural selection does not create new traits, but edits or selects for traits already present in the population • The local environment determines which traits will be selected for or selected against in any specific population © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
37. 37. Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence • New discoveries continue to fill the gaps identified by Darwin in The Origin of Species © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
38. 38. Homology • Homology is similarity resulting from common ancestry © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
39. 39. Anatomical Homologies • Homologous structures are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
40. 40. Figure 22.15 Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Human Cat Whale Bat
41. 41. • Comparative embryology reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
42. 42. Figure 22.16 Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chick embryo (LM) Human embryo
43. 43. Molecular Homologies • Examples of homologies at the molecular level are genes and proteins shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
44. 44. LE 22-16 Percent of Amino Acids That Are Identical to the Amino Acids in a Human Hemoglobin Polypeptide 100% 95% 87% 69% 54% 14% Rhesus monkey Species Human Mouse Chicken Frog Lamprey
45. 45. A Different Cause of Resemblance: Convergent Evolution • Convergent evolution is the evolution of similar, or analogous, features in distantly related groups • Analogous traits arise when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways • Convergent evolution does not provide information about ancestry © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
46. 46. Figure 22.18 Sugar glider Flying squirrel NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA
47. 47. The Fossil Record • The fossil record provides evidence of the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
48. 48. Figure 22.19 Most mammals Cetaceans and even-toed ungulates (a) Canis (dog) (b) Pakicetus (c) Sus (pig) (d) Odocoileus (deer) Figure 22.19 Ankle bones: one piece of the puzzle. Comparing fossils and present- day examples of the astragalus (a type of ankle bone) provides one line of evidence that cetaceans are closely related to even- toed ungulates. (a) In most mammals, the astragalus is shaped like that of a dog, with a double hump on one end (indicated by the red arrows) but not at the opposite end (blue arrow). (b) Fossils show that the early cetacean Pakicetus had an astragalus with double humps at both ends, a unique shape that is otherwise found only in even-toed ungulates, as shown here for (c) a pig and (d) a deer.
49. 49. • Fossils can document important transitions – For example, the transition from land to sea in the ancestors of cetaceans © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
50. 50. Figure 22.20 Other even-toed ungulates Hippopotamuses † Pakicetus † Rodhocetus † Dorudon Living cetaceans Common ancestor of cetaceans Millions of years ago 70 Key60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pelvis Tibia Femur Foot
51. 51. Biogeography • Biogeography, the geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution • Earth's continents were formerly united in a single large continent called Pangaea, but have since separated by continental drift • An understanding of continent movement and modern distribution of species allows us to predict when and where different groups evolved • The Wallace Line is an example © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Campbell Biology Ninth Edition Descent With Modification Chapter

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